Alongside the normal chimpanzee, the bonobo

Alongside the normal chimpanzee, the bonobo is the closest surviving with respect to people. Since the two species are not capable swimmers, the development of the Congo River 1.5–2 million years back perhaps prompted the speciation of the bonobo. Bonobos live south of the stream, and consequently were divided from the progenitors of the regular chimpanzee, which live north of the waterway. 

Fossils of Pan species were not depicted until 2005. Existing chimpanzee populaces in West and Central Africa don't cover with the significant human fossil locales in East Africa. Notwithstanding, Pan fossils have now been accounted for from Kenya. This would demonstrate that both people and parts of the Pan clade were available in the East African Rift Valley amid the Middle Pleistocene. As indicated by A. Zihlman bonobo body extents nearly take after those of Australopithecus, 

The bonobo is generally thought to be more gracile than the regular chimpanzee. Albeit substantial male chimpanzees can surpass any bonobo in mass and weight, the two species really extensively cover in body size. Grown-up female bonobos are to a degree more modest than grown-up guys. Body mass in guys ranges from 34 to 60 kg (75 to 132 lb), against a normal of 30 kg (66 lb) in females. The aggregate length of bonobos (from the nose to the backside while on all fours) is 70 to 83 cm (28 to 33 in). At the point when grown-up bonobos and chimpanzees remained up on their legs, they can both achieve a stature of 115 cm (45 in). Its head is moderately more diminutive than that of the normal chimpanzee with less noticeable temples edges over the eyes. 

Most studies show that females have a higher economic wellbeing in bonobo society. Forceful experiences in the middle of guys and females are uncommon, and guys are tolerant of babies and adolescents. A male infers his status from the status of his mother. The mother–son bond frequently stays solid and proceeds all through life. While social progressive systems do exist, rank assumes a less conspicuous part than in other primate social orders. 

The restricted research on bonobos in the wild was taken to demonstrate that these matriarchal practices may be misrepresented by bondage, and by sustenance provisioning via scientists in the field. 

Bonobo guys sometimes take part in different manifestations of male–male genital conduct, which is the non-human simple of frotting, occupied with by human guys. In one structure, two bonobo guys dangle from a tree appendage vis-à-vis while penis fencing. This additionally may happen when two guys rub their penises together while in vis-à-vis position. An alternate manifestation of genital communication (posterior rubbing) jumps out at express compromise between two guys after a clash, when they remained consecutive and rub their scrotal sacs together. Takayoshi Kano watched comparable practices among bonobos in the characteristic territory. 

Perceptions in the wild show that the guys among the related normal chimpanzee groups are uncommonly dangerous to guys from outside the group. Gatherings of guys "watch" for the neighboring guys that may be voyaging alone, and assault those single guys, frequently executing them. This does not give off an impression of being the conduct of bonobo guys or females, which appear to lean toward sexual contact over vicious encounter with untouchables. Actually, the Japanese researchers who have invested the most time working with wild bonobos depict the species as phenomenally quiet, and de Waal has archived how bonobos might frequently purpose clashes with sexual contact (henceforth the "make love, not war" characterization for the species). 

As the bonobos' living space is imparted to individuals, a definitive achievement of preservation exertions will depend on neighborhood and group inclusion. The issue of parks versus individuals is remarkable in the Cuvette Centrale the bonobos' extent. There is solid neighborhood and expansive based Congolese imperviousness to creating national parks, as indigenous groups have regularly been determined from their timberland homes by the station of parks. In Salonga National Park, the main national stop in the bonobo environment, there is no nearby association, and studies attempted since 2000 demonstrate the bonobo, the African woodland elephant, and different species have been seriously crushed by poachers and the flourishing bushmeat trade.[69] interestingly, zones exist where the bonobo regardless biodiversity flourish without any settled parks, because of the indigenous convictions and taboos against murdering 

Bonobo

Pan was a very playful deity. Its current name, BONOBO, presumably originates from the distortion of the name of a village situated on the Congo River. "Bolobo", where the first bonobo specimens came from. It has been established through molecular genetics analyses that the Bonobo genus, Pan, is the most closely related to humans; Bonobos share approximately 98.4 % of our genetic identity. The morphological growth of Bonobos is similar to that of humans. For instance, young bonobos lose their milk teethes between 5 and 7 years, puberty is between 9 and 11 years and females have an ovarian cycle very similar to that of women.

What does it look like?

Bonobos seem in many ways to be more similar to humans than chimpanzees. In the proportions of the limbs, in the narrower trunk and in the smaller canine teeth the bonobo more closely resembles humans. When observed in captivity they also walk bipedally more often. These and other similarities are surprising given that bonobos are no more closely related to us than chimpanzees. They are covered with black hair instead of brown like the chimp.

There are two possible reasons for the similarities between humans and bonobos.

1. The bonobo is more similar to the common ancestor of humans, bonobos and chimpanzees. The bonobo has retained ancestral characteristics, some of which are shared by humans. The chimpanzee in the past 2.5 million years has evolved more distinct features.

2. It is the chimpanzee that is more similar to the common ancestor of humans, bonobos and chimpanzees. Convergent evolution caused similar features to develop in humans and bonobos because they were acting in a similar manner, most likely in terms of methods of obtaining food. The chimpanzee retained the ancestral form.

Bonobo

It is commonly considered to be more gracile than the common chimpanzee, and females are somewhat smaller than males. Body mass in males ranges from 34 to 45 kg (75 to 99 lb), against an average of 30 kg (66 lb) in females. The total length of bonobos (from the nose to the rump) is 70 to 83 cm (28 to 33 in). Its head is also smaller than that of the common chimpanzee with less prominent brow ridges above the eyes. It has a black face with pink lips, small ears, wide nostrils, and long hair on its head that forms a part. Females have slightly more prominent breasts, in contrast to the flat breasts of other female apes, although not so prominent as those of humans. The bonobo also has a slim upper body, narrow shoulders, thin neck, and long legs when compared to the common chimpanzee.

Bonobos are both terrestrial and arboreal. Most ground locomotion is characterized by quadrupedal knuckle walking. Bipedal walking has been recorded as less than 1% of terrestrial locomotion in the wild, a figure that decreased with habituation, while in captivity there is a wide variation. Bipedal walking in captivity, as a percentage of bipedal plus quadrupedal locomotion bouts, has been observed from 3.9% for spontaneous bouts to nearly 19% when abundant food is provided. These physical characteristics and its posture give the bonobo an appearance more closely resembling that of humans than that of the common chimpanzee. The bonobo also has highly individuated facial features, as humans do, so that one individual may look significantly different from another, a characteristic adapted for visual facial recognition in social interaction.

Multivariate analysis has shown bonobos are more neotenized than the common chimpanzee, taking into account such features as the proportionately long torso length of the bonobo. Other researchers challenged this conclusion.

Bonobo

The bonobo ( /bəˈnoʊboʊ/ or /ˈbɒnəboʊ/), Pan paniscus, previously called the pygmy chimpanzee and less often, the dwarf or gracile chimpanzee, is a great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan. The other species in genus Pan is Pan troglodytes, or the common chimpanzee. Although the name "chimpanzee" is sometimes used to refer to both species together, it is usually understood as referring to the common chimpanzee, while Pan paniscus is usually referred to as the bonobo. It is distinguished by relatively long legs, pink lips, dark face and tail-tuft through adulthood, and parted long hair on its head. The bonobo is found in a 500,000 km2 (190,000 sq mi) area of the Congo Basin in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa. The species is omnivorous and inhabits primary and secondary forests including seasonally inundated swamp forests.

The bonobo is popularly known for its high levels of sexual behavior. Sex functions in conflict appeasement, affection, social status, excitement, and stress reduction. It occurs in virtually all partner combinations and in a variety of positions. This is a factor in the lower levels of aggression seen in the bonobo when compared to the common chimpanzee and other apes. Bonobos are perceived to be matriarchal: females tend to collectively dominate males by forming alliances and use sexuality to control males. A male's rank in the social hierarchy is often determined by his mother's rank.

Along with the common chimpanzee, the bonobo is the closest extant relative to humans. Because the two species are not proficient swimmers, it is possible that the formation of the Congo River 1.5–2 million years ago led to the speciation of the bonobo. They live south of the river, and thereby were separated from the ancestors of the common chimpanzee, which live north of the river. There is no concrete data on population numbers but it is estimated to be between 29,500 and 50,000 individuals. The species is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by habitat destruction and human population growth and movement, though commercial poaching is the most prominent threat. It typically lives 40 years in captivity, though its lifespan in the wild is unknown.

Bonobo

The bonobo (English pronunciation: /bəˈnoʊboʊ/ /ˈbɒnəboʊ/), Pan paniscus, previously called the pygmy chimpanzee and less often, the dwarf or gracile chimpanzee, is a great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan. The other species in genus Pan is Pan troglodytes, or the common chimpanzee. Although the name "chimpanzee" is sometimes used to refer to both species together, it is usually understood as referring to the common chimpanzee, while Pan paniscus is usually referred to as the bonobo.
One source reports a lifespan of 40 years in captivity. There are no data about longevity in wild-living bonobos or on gender differences.

Bonobos are far less aggressive and dominating than other apes such as chimpanzees.
The bonobo is endangered and is found in the wild only in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Along with the common chimpanzee, the bonobo is the closest extant relative to humans. Because the two species are not proficient swimmers, it is possible that the formation of the Congo River 1.5–2 million years ago led to the speciation of the bonobo. They live south of the river, and thereby were separated from the ancestors of the common chimpanzee, which live north of the river.

German anatomist Ernst Schwarz is credited with having discovered the bonobo in 1928, based on his analysis of a skull in the Tervuren museum in Belgium that previously had been thought to have belonged to a juvenile chimpanzee. Schwarz published his findings in 1929. In 1933, American anatomist Harold Coolidge offered a more detailed description of the bonobo, and elevated it to species status. The American psychologist and primatologist Robert Yerkes was also one of the first scientists to notice major differences between bonobos and chimpanzees. These were first discussed in detail in a study by Eduard Paul Tratz and Heinz Heck published in the early 1950s.

The species is distinguished by relatively long legs, pink lips, dark face and tail-tuft through adulthood, and parted long hair on its head.

Bonobos are perceived to be matriarchal: females tend to collectively dominate males by forming alliances; females use their sexuality to control males; a male's rank in the social hierarchy is determined by his mother's rank.  However, there are also claims of a special role for the alpha male in group movement. The limited research on Bonobos in the wild was also taken to indicate that these matriarchal behaviors may be exaggerated by captivity, as well as by food provisioning by researchers in the field.

This view has recently been challenged, however, by Duke University's Vanessa Woods; Woods noted in a radio interview that she had observed bonobos in a spacious forested sanctuary in the DRC exhibiting the same sort of hypersexuality under these more naturalistic conditions; and, while she acknowledges a hierarchy among males, including an "alpha male", these males are less dominant than the dominant female.